MainStreetNews - History - Part I
Chapter 3: The Holders and The Herald
John Holder's grandfather was N. H. Pendergrass, one of the organizers and vice president of the Jackson County Publishing Company which launched The Forest News back on June 12, 1875.1
John's father was Thomas R. Holder, a native of Virginia. The father was born in January, 1812, and moved with his parents to Georgia when about five years of age. They settled in Clarke County, and moved to Jackson County shortly after the war of 1812-14. Their Jackson County home was on a farm about three and one-half miles from Jefferson.2
Here Thomas Holder devoted his whole life to farming. Unlike his son, he never allowed political ambition to possess him. The only office he ever held was that of overseer. In 1867 he married Martha A. Pendergrass.3
A year later, on July 22, 1868, John N. Holder was born. He grew up on the farm, and received his preparatory education at Martin Institute in Jefferson. He was graduated from the University of Georgia in 1890, with first honors and at the head of this class of thirty-nine.4
Mr. Holder taught school for a year at Avalon, Georgia, and then, in 1891, married Ada May McElhannon.5
Thomas Holder must have been a loving father. He purchased a newspaper, The Jackson Herald, and presented it to the newlyweds as a gift.6
In his first issue, however, the "editor by marriage" was to tell why he "purchased" The Herald. He said it was because some prominent citizens of the county desired him to become proprietor of the paper, and then he added: "We, believing it to be one of the best pieces of property that could be found, have decided to risk what money we have in this business."7
The next week The Herald quoted what several papers had to say regarding the change. One of these mentioned that the paper had been bought, another said it had been sold, and both mentioned the price. Said the Canton Advance: "The Jackson Herald outfit has been bought by J. N. Holder for $3,000...."8 The Cumming Clarion was quoted as follows: "Craig and Williamson have sold the Jackson Herald to John N. Holder for $3,000."9
Nevertheless, Mr. and Mrs. Holder say today that they did, in fact, receive the paper as a wedding present.10
The writer of the piece in the Canton Advance also said of the change that, "...The paper is to be made a red hot Alliance journal."11 And therein lay the reason for different editorial opinions being expressed in the same issue of The Herald.
Editor Craig hadn't thought very much to the farmers' Alliance. In his "Valedictory" of July 10, 1891, he said of it:
There is a wonderful political craze spreading over the country just now, having for its basis the subtreasury scheme. It is more like religious fanaticism than anything we have ever seen. There is nothing intellectual about it. It is altogether an emotional epidemic. There is nothing about it that at all appeals to the intelligence....We have opposed this ridiculous measure from the start....12
Mr. Craig said he believed that the best, surest, and most enduring relief that could come to the farmer must be through his individual efforts. Then he named industry, economy, perseverance, and good management.
Editor Holder stated that he had nothing to say against the policy of the paper in the past. But he pointed out: "...It will be a little different in the future."13
Said He:
Having been raised on a farm, we know the needs of the farmer. We understand the hardships he endures, we have experienced his disappointments, and have seen the hard trials incident to a life of toil, which render us more fit to sympathize with the oppressed and down trodden laboring man than one who knows none of these things. We are in favor of relief being given him....14
Evidence that Mr. Holder truly understood the plight of the farmer are these vivid words that appeared in the paper two weeks later:
... He rises early in the morning, before the song of the lark has greeted the sun just lifting itself from its orient bed of repose. He eats his scanty meal that his good wife has prepared while he was attending to matters of feeding, cutting wood, and so on. He goes to the field singing merrily, and many a time has no company save the animal that pulls his plow. He toils on all day, and when night comes he returns home uncomplaining, and yet too tired to even wash his feet. He goes to bed and sleeps to the tune of a crying infant. Besides this, the farmer goes very poorly clad, on gallus holding up his pants by means of wooden buttons, his shirt looking more like it was composed of mere patches than cloth, his old hat not decent even for a monkey to wear, his shoes patched and mended with hickory-bark strings. He thus toils from Christmas to Christmas, poorly fed and half clad, endeavoring to make enough to meet his obligations. After gathering his mite together in the fall and liquidating all his debts he finds he has not enough left to induce old Santa Claus to come around and fill up the childrens' stockings or to buy something to make a good Christmas eggnog.15
And so the farmers were banding together in the Alliance to do something about their plight. At no other time could Mr. Holder have acquired The Herald when the political pot was boiling more furiously.
Political storm clouds had been gathering for a long time. Soon after the Civil War the economic overlords were ruling their tenants to such an extent as to drive them almost to serfdom.16 The overlord rented his land to people who had nothing except their labor. He paid their living expenses until their crops could be marketed. To be sure that he would receive something which he could sell, he required his tenants to raise cotton.17
The overlord set up a store and became a merchant. Because the tenants had to raise cotton, it became necessary for them to buy at the overlord's store much food they could have raised on the farm. And since the overlord sold on credit, he charged from 20 to 50 per cent more than stores where goods were sold for cash. The tenants were always in debt and could get out only by mortgaging the crop they had not yet raised.18
The landowners found themselves in but little better position. Cotton prices were dropping and taxes were steadily increasing.19
As a result there grew up this organization of farmers called the Alliance. The alliancemen made their first appearance in Georgia in 1887. By 1890 they had formulated an extensive program. They were able to discover without too much difficulty that they were raising too much cotton and that taxes were too high. They would regulate the currency by abolishing national bank issues, by coining silver into money free of cost and in unlimited amounts. They would regulate more closely the railroads or bring about government ownership; they would abolish the convict leasing system and put the prisoners to work building good roads; they would build up better public schools; they would revise the whole system of taxation.20
The Alliancemen grew so fast in Georgia that they came to command the respect of the political leaders. In 1890 they announced that they intended to see their program adopted into law. They let it be known that the candidate who refused to subscribe to their platform would be opposed at the polls.21
In 1891 the Alliancemen had another editorial ally in John N. Holder of The Jackson Herald, although he consistently maintained that a good Allianceman and a good Democrat were one and the same.
As pointed out earlier, Mr. Holder said he was in favor of relief being given the farmer. But he added:
...Yet we shall work for his relief inside the Democratic party--the party of Jefferson and Jackson and Toombs and Stephens--the party that has ever been found from the day of its incipiency battling for the right of the common people; and we are sure that as soon as that party is vested with the powers of government the relief asked by the farming classes will be granted them. The greatest objects for which the farmers are striving are the reduction of tax on things they consume and an increase in currency. The Democratic party has always been found the earnest champion of these same things. There may be a difference of opinion as to the best means to attain the desired end, but the ultimate object is the same--more and cheaper money and cheaper necessaries of life.22
Coulter says the Georgia Democratic organization, greatly fearing the intrusion of a new third party, took fright immediately and calmly allowed itself to be swallowed up by the Alliance. "Democratic candidates everywhere," he writes, "announced their belief in Alliance doctrines."23
Although not yet a candidate, Mr. Holder was one Democrat ready to do battle for Alliance principles. He found his weapon in a pretty good state of repair. Said Editor Craig at his departure: "The paper is in excellent condition, with bright prospects for the future. Our list of patrons is larger today than at any time in the past...."24
In his "Salutatory," Mr. Holder said The Herald had more than twelve hundred subscribers.
He continued:
We hope to tell our readers before Christmas that the number has reached fifteen hundred....Every family in Jackson County should take the paper. They cannot afford to do without it, for we are determined to spare no effort nor money in making the Herald one of the best papers that can be found anywhere.25
The new editor wrote in the same issue that Mr. Craig had consented to remain with the paper for a short while in charge of the mechanical department.
Mr. Holder could not tell his readers by Christmas that circulation of The Herald had reached that fifteen hundred. But at the beginning of volume twelve on January 22, 1892, after he had edited the paper some over six months, he could write: "Greatly elated are we over the fact that our subscription list has climbed 200 since we assumed charge. Our advertising patronage is as good, if not better, than any weekly in this part of the state."26
However, this young man just starting out on a long editorial journey said the thing that gave them the most pleasure was to know that The Herald was out of debt. "Yes," he wrote, "we have made plenty of money to pay our debts. This is no more than every man or institution ought to do, but the reason we are so proud of this is because this is such an unfavorable time to begin business."27
Mr. Holder had much to say about the hard times of the early 1890's. With his second issue, under the heading "The Money Stringency," he wrote, "From all indications the country is on the eve of a money panic. There is but little money in the country, and that is securely locked up, and the arteries of trade are paralyzed."28
This editorial continued, to sound very much like a page lifted from a journal of, say 1955 or '56.
...The blame of the whole matter may be imputed to the oversupply of cotton last season and the prospect of a crop nearly as large this year, which will come into a market already loaded with 1,500,000 bales from the crop of 1890....It is overproduction, pure and simple.29
That Editor Holder planned to support the platform of the Alliance, or at least the plank in it about growing less cotton, is evidenced by this same piece when it said later on:
Blessed is the farmer who acted sensibly last spring and planted his ground in something he could eat if he couldn't sell it. He is lucky; but the farmer who followed the suicidal practice of planting for a big cotton crop will be in a hard row for stumps.30
Whether the farmer had acted sensibly or not, The Herald editor went to bat for him with the issue of a week later. Said Mr. Holder: "We can see other industries prospering around us, and yet the agricultural industry languishes."31
He stated that the cause, "...Is due to unjust legislation," and then added:
This being the cause of the infectious disease now pervading the farming industries, what is the remedy they prescribe? It is to send petitions to Congress six feet long with brains at one end and boots at the other.32
"...But in the name of goodness," Mr. Holder admonished the farmers, "send them there as true, iron-ribbed, acknowledged, and undoubted Democrats....The success of our people lies in the success of the Democracy."33
From the start The Herald editor devoted his efforts to helping elect Democratic officers in 1892. "Look for Lively Times" was the heading under which these words appeared: "The year of 1892 will be an important one in the political history of the United States. Officers from constable to President are to be elected."34
Mr. Holder went on to explain the situation, pointing out that President Benjamin Harrison probably would be nominated by the Republicans to succeed himself, that the Democrats likely would nominate Grover Cleveland, and that Governor William J. Northen would be choice of Democrats to head the state government for another term.
Nearly the entire Herald front page of July 1, '92, was devoted to the Democratic national convention and the fact that Cleveland had been nominated. Said Mr. Holder: "Grover Cleveland is a man of more firmness, honesty and integrity than any man in this Union. He was once President, and made the best one this Government has had since the war."35
Come November 11, 1892, and Mr. Holder could proclaim in one of the largest headlines to appear in The Herald up to that time, "VICTORY!" Sub-heads announced to the world, or to at least fourteen hundred subscribers, "Cleveland and Stevenson Elected," "The South Is Solid for Democracy," "Watson Meets His Waterloo and Is Defeated by 5,000," and "Everything Lovely for Democracy."
Under all these the editor wrote:
...Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson are elected by overwhelming majorities. A Democratic cyclone has swept this country from Maine to California, from the Gulf to the Lakes, and from shore to shore. States that have never gone Democratic since the war cast their votes in the electoral college for Cleveland and Stevenson. The South is still solid....
Now Editor Holder and The Herald would see what they could do about keeping Jackson County and Georgia solid. By late 1892 rumblings of a Third party were growing louder and louder. There had been murmurs of such a movement back in July, 1891, when Mr. Holder first became editor of the paper. From that time until 1898, when the Democratic party gained control once and for all, Mr. Holder's fight against this Third party, this People's party, this Populist party, was to be the most bitter of his long editorial career.
1. Editorial in The Atlanta Journal. August 10, 1950.
2. Clark Howell, Editor, Memories of Georgia (Atlanta: The Southern Historical Association, 1895), II, 429.
3. Loc. cit.
4. Loc. cit.
5. Clarke Howell, editor, The Book of Georgia. A Work for Press Reference (Atlanta: Georgia Biographical Association, 1920), P. 152.
6. Journal. loc. cit.
7. The Jackson Herald. July 10, 1891.
8. Ibid., July 17, 1891, quoting from the Canton Advance.
9. Loc. cit., quoting from the Cumming Advance.
10. Interview with Mr. and Mrs. John N. Holder, April 1, 1956.
11. The Jackson Herald. July 17, 1891, quoting from the Canton Advance.
12. Ibid., July 10, 1891.
13. Loc. cit.
14. Loc. cit.
15. The Jackson Herald. July 24, 1891.
16. E. Merton Coulter, A Short History of Georgia (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1933), p. 369.
17. Loc. cit.
18. Loc. cit.
19. Ibid., p. 370
20. Loc. cit.
21. Ibid., p. 371.
22. The Jackson Herald. July 10, 1891.
23. Coulter, op. cit., p. 371.
24. Herald. loc. cit.
25. Loc. cit.
26. The Jackson Herald. January 22, 1892.
27. Loc. cit.
28. The Jackson Herald. July 17, 1891.
29. Loc. cit.
30. Loc. cit.
31. The Jackson Herald. July 24, 1891.
32. Loc. cit.
33. Loc. cit.
34. The Jackson Herald. March 18, 1892.
35. Ibid., July 1,1892.
36. Ibid., November 11,1892.
John's father was Thomas R. Holder, a native of Virginia. The father was born in January, 1812, and moved with his parents to Georgia when about five years of age. They settled in Clarke County, and moved to Jackson County shortly after the war of 1812-14. Their Jackson County home was on a farm about three and one-half miles from Jefferson.2
Holders in an early scene at The Herald
A year later, on July 22, 1868, John N. Holder was born. He grew up on the farm, and received his preparatory education at Martin Institute in Jefferson. He was graduated from the University of Georgia in 1890, with first honors and at the head of this class of thirty-nine.4
Mr. Holder taught school for a year at Avalon, Georgia, and then, in 1891, married Ada May McElhannon.5
Thomas Holder must have been a loving father. He purchased a newspaper, The Jackson Herald, and presented it to the newlyweds as a gift.6
In his first issue, however, the "editor by marriage" was to tell why he "purchased" The Herald. He said it was because some prominent citizens of the county desired him to become proprietor of the paper, and then he added: "We, believing it to be one of the best pieces of property that could be found, have decided to risk what money we have in this business."7
The next week The Herald quoted what several papers had to say regarding the change. One of these mentioned that the paper had been bought, another said it had been sold, and both mentioned the price. Said the Canton Advance: "The Jackson Herald outfit has been bought by J. N. Holder for $3,000...."8 The Cumming Clarion was quoted as follows: "Craig and Williamson have sold the Jackson Herald to John N. Holder for $3,000."9
Nevertheless, Mr. and Mrs. Holder say today that they did, in fact, receive the paper as a wedding present.10
The writer of the piece in the Canton Advance also said of the change that, "...The paper is to be made a red hot Alliance journal."11 And therein lay the reason for different editorial opinions being expressed in the same issue of The Herald.
Editor Craig hadn't thought very much to the farmers' Alliance. In his "Valedictory" of July 10, 1891, he said of it:
There is a wonderful political craze spreading over the country just now, having for its basis the subtreasury scheme. It is more like religious fanaticism than anything we have ever seen. There is nothing intellectual about it. It is altogether an emotional epidemic. There is nothing about it that at all appeals to the intelligence....We have opposed this ridiculous measure from the start....12
Mr. Craig said he believed that the best, surest, and most enduring relief that could come to the farmer must be through his individual efforts. Then he named industry, economy, perseverance, and good management.
Editor Holder stated that he had nothing to say against the policy of the paper in the past. But he pointed out: "...It will be a little different in the future."13
Said He:
Having been raised on a farm, we know the needs of the farmer. We understand the hardships he endures, we have experienced his disappointments, and have seen the hard trials incident to a life of toil, which render us more fit to sympathize with the oppressed and down trodden laboring man than one who knows none of these things. We are in favor of relief being given him....14
Evidence that Mr. Holder truly understood the plight of the farmer are these vivid words that appeared in the paper two weeks later:
... He rises early in the morning, before the song of the lark has greeted the sun just lifting itself from its orient bed of repose. He eats his scanty meal that his good wife has prepared while he was attending to matters of feeding, cutting wood, and so on. He goes to the field singing merrily, and many a time has no company save the animal that pulls his plow. He toils on all day, and when night comes he returns home uncomplaining, and yet too tired to even wash his feet. He goes to bed and sleeps to the tune of a crying infant. Besides this, the farmer goes very poorly clad, on gallus holding up his pants by means of wooden buttons, his shirt looking more like it was composed of mere patches than cloth, his old hat not decent even for a monkey to wear, his shoes patched and mended with hickory-bark strings. He thus toils from Christmas to Christmas, poorly fed and half clad, endeavoring to make enough to meet his obligations. After gathering his mite together in the fall and liquidating all his debts he finds he has not enough left to induce old Santa Claus to come around and fill up the childrens' stockings or to buy something to make a good Christmas eggnog.15
And so the farmers were banding together in the Alliance to do something about their plight. At no other time could Mr. Holder have acquired The Herald when the political pot was boiling more furiously.
Political storm clouds had been gathering for a long time. Soon after the Civil War the economic overlords were ruling their tenants to such an extent as to drive them almost to serfdom.16 The overlord rented his land to people who had nothing except their labor. He paid their living expenses until their crops could be marketed. To be sure that he would receive something which he could sell, he required his tenants to raise cotton.17
The overlord set up a store and became a merchant. Because the tenants had to raise cotton, it became necessary for them to buy at the overlord's store much food they could have raised on the farm. And since the overlord sold on credit, he charged from 20 to 50 per cent more than stores where goods were sold for cash. The tenants were always in debt and could get out only by mortgaging the crop they had not yet raised.18
The landowners found themselves in but little better position. Cotton prices were dropping and taxes were steadily increasing.19
As a result there grew up this organization of farmers called the Alliance. The alliancemen made their first appearance in Georgia in 1887. By 1890 they had formulated an extensive program. They were able to discover without too much difficulty that they were raising too much cotton and that taxes were too high. They would regulate the currency by abolishing national bank issues, by coining silver into money free of cost and in unlimited amounts. They would regulate more closely the railroads or bring about government ownership; they would abolish the convict leasing system and put the prisoners to work building good roads; they would build up better public schools; they would revise the whole system of taxation.20
The Alliancemen grew so fast in Georgia that they came to command the respect of the political leaders. In 1890 they announced that they intended to see their program adopted into law. They let it be known that the candidate who refused to subscribe to their platform would be opposed at the polls.21
In 1891 the Alliancemen had another editorial ally in John N. Holder of The Jackson Herald, although he consistently maintained that a good Allianceman and a good Democrat were one and the same.
As pointed out earlier, Mr. Holder said he was in favor of relief being given the farmer. But he added:
...Yet we shall work for his relief inside the Democratic party--the party of Jefferson and Jackson and Toombs and Stephens--the party that has ever been found from the day of its incipiency battling for the right of the common people; and we are sure that as soon as that party is vested with the powers of government the relief asked by the farming classes will be granted them. The greatest objects for which the farmers are striving are the reduction of tax on things they consume and an increase in currency. The Democratic party has always been found the earnest champion of these same things. There may be a difference of opinion as to the best means to attain the desired end, but the ultimate object is the same--more and cheaper money and cheaper necessaries of life.22
Coulter says the Georgia Democratic organization, greatly fearing the intrusion of a new third party, took fright immediately and calmly allowed itself to be swallowed up by the Alliance. "Democratic candidates everywhere," he writes, "announced their belief in Alliance doctrines."23
Although not yet a candidate, Mr. Holder was one Democrat ready to do battle for Alliance principles. He found his weapon in a pretty good state of repair. Said Editor Craig at his departure: "The paper is in excellent condition, with bright prospects for the future. Our list of patrons is larger today than at any time in the past...."24
In his "Salutatory," Mr. Holder said The Herald had more than twelve hundred subscribers.
He continued:
We hope to tell our readers before Christmas that the number has reached fifteen hundred....Every family in Jackson County should take the paper. They cannot afford to do without it, for we are determined to spare no effort nor money in making the Herald one of the best papers that can be found anywhere.25
The new editor wrote in the same issue that Mr. Craig had consented to remain with the paper for a short while in charge of the mechanical department.
Mr. Holder could not tell his readers by Christmas that circulation of The Herald had reached that fifteen hundred. But at the beginning of volume twelve on January 22, 1892, after he had edited the paper some over six months, he could write: "Greatly elated are we over the fact that our subscription list has climbed 200 since we assumed charge. Our advertising patronage is as good, if not better, than any weekly in this part of the state."26
However, this young man just starting out on a long editorial journey said the thing that gave them the most pleasure was to know that The Herald was out of debt. "Yes," he wrote, "we have made plenty of money to pay our debts. This is no more than every man or institution ought to do, but the reason we are so proud of this is because this is such an unfavorable time to begin business."27
Mr. Holder had much to say about the hard times of the early 1890's. With his second issue, under the heading "The Money Stringency," he wrote, "From all indications the country is on the eve of a money panic. There is but little money in the country, and that is securely locked up, and the arteries of trade are paralyzed."28
This editorial continued, to sound very much like a page lifted from a journal of, say 1955 or '56.
...The blame of the whole matter may be imputed to the oversupply of cotton last season and the prospect of a crop nearly as large this year, which will come into a market already loaded with 1,500,000 bales from the crop of 1890....It is overproduction, pure and simple.29
That Editor Holder planned to support the platform of the Alliance, or at least the plank in it about growing less cotton, is evidenced by this same piece when it said later on:
Blessed is the farmer who acted sensibly last spring and planted his ground in something he could eat if he couldn't sell it. He is lucky; but the farmer who followed the suicidal practice of planting for a big cotton crop will be in a hard row for stumps.30
Whether the farmer had acted sensibly or not, The Herald editor went to bat for him with the issue of a week later. Said Mr. Holder: "We can see other industries prospering around us, and yet the agricultural industry languishes."31
He stated that the cause, "...Is due to unjust legislation," and then added:
This being the cause of the infectious disease now pervading the farming industries, what is the remedy they prescribe? It is to send petitions to Congress six feet long with brains at one end and boots at the other.32
"...But in the name of goodness," Mr. Holder admonished the farmers, "send them there as true, iron-ribbed, acknowledged, and undoubted Democrats....The success of our people lies in the success of the Democracy."33
From the start The Herald editor devoted his efforts to helping elect Democratic officers in 1892. "Look for Lively Times" was the heading under which these words appeared: "The year of 1892 will be an important one in the political history of the United States. Officers from constable to President are to be elected."34
Mr. Holder went on to explain the situation, pointing out that President Benjamin Harrison probably would be nominated by the Republicans to succeed himself, that the Democrats likely would nominate Grover Cleveland, and that Governor William J. Northen would be choice of Democrats to head the state government for another term.
Nearly the entire Herald front page of July 1, '92, was devoted to the Democratic national convention and the fact that Cleveland had been nominated. Said Mr. Holder: "Grover Cleveland is a man of more firmness, honesty and integrity than any man in this Union. He was once President, and made the best one this Government has had since the war."35
Come November 11, 1892, and Mr. Holder could proclaim in one of the largest headlines to appear in The Herald up to that time, "VICTORY!" Sub-heads announced to the world, or to at least fourteen hundred subscribers, "Cleveland and Stevenson Elected," "The South Is Solid for Democracy," "Watson Meets His Waterloo and Is Defeated by 5,000," and "Everything Lovely for Democracy."
Under all these the editor wrote:
...Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson are elected by overwhelming majorities. A Democratic cyclone has swept this country from Maine to California, from the Gulf to the Lakes, and from shore to shore. States that have never gone Democratic since the war cast their votes in the electoral college for Cleveland and Stevenson. The South is still solid....
Now Editor Holder and The Herald would see what they could do about keeping Jackson County and Georgia solid. By late 1892 rumblings of a Third party were growing louder and louder. There had been murmurs of such a movement back in July, 1891, when Mr. Holder first became editor of the paper. From that time until 1898, when the Democratic party gained control once and for all, Mr. Holder's fight against this Third party, this People's party, this Populist party, was to be the most bitter of his long editorial career.
1. Editorial in The Atlanta Journal. August 10, 1950.
2. Clark Howell, Editor, Memories of Georgia (Atlanta: The Southern Historical Association, 1895), II, 429.
3. Loc. cit.
4. Loc. cit.
5. Clarke Howell, editor, The Book of Georgia. A Work for Press Reference (Atlanta: Georgia Biographical Association, 1920), P. 152.
6. Journal. loc. cit.
7. The Jackson Herald. July 10, 1891.
8. Ibid., July 17, 1891, quoting from the Canton Advance.
9. Loc. cit., quoting from the Cumming Advance.
10. Interview with Mr. and Mrs. John N. Holder, April 1, 1956.
11. The Jackson Herald. July 17, 1891, quoting from the Canton Advance.
12. Ibid., July 10, 1891.
13. Loc. cit.
14. Loc. cit.
15. The Jackson Herald. July 24, 1891.
16. E. Merton Coulter, A Short History of Georgia (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1933), p. 369.
17. Loc. cit.
18. Loc. cit.
19. Ibid., p. 370
20. Loc. cit.
21. Ibid., p. 371.
22. The Jackson Herald. July 10, 1891.
23. Coulter, op. cit., p. 371.
24. Herald. loc. cit.
25. Loc. cit.
26. The Jackson Herald. January 22, 1892.
27. Loc. cit.
28. The Jackson Herald. July 17, 1891.
29. Loc. cit.
30. Loc. cit.
31. The Jackson Herald. July 24, 1891.
32. Loc. cit.
33. Loc. cit.
34. The Jackson Herald. March 18, 1892.
35. Ibid., July 1,1892.
36. Ibid., November 11,1892.